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Chapters


Python 3 - Introduction

What Is New In Python 3
Python 3 - Environment Setup
Python 3 - Basic Syntax
Python 3 - Variable Types
Python 3 - Basic Operators
Python 3 - Decision Making
Python 3 - Loops
Python 3 - Numbers
Python 3 - Strings
Python 3 - Lists
Python 3 - Tuples
Python 3 - Dictionary
Python 3 - Date & Time
Python 3 - Functions
Python 3 - Modules
Python 3 - Files I/O
Python 3 - Exceptions Handling
Python 3 - Object Oriented
Python 3 - Regular Expressions
Python 3 - MySQL Database Access
Python 3 - Network Programming
Python 3 - Sending Email Using SMTP
Python 3 - Multithreaded Programming
Python 3 - XML Processing
Python 3 - GUI Programming (Tkinter)
Python 3 - Extension Programming With C


Outlines


Types Of Operator

Python Arithmetic Operators
Python Comparison Operators
Python Assignment Operators 
Python Bitwise Operators
Python Logical Operators
Python Membership Operators
Python Identity Operators
Python Operators Precedence

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Python 3 - Basic Operators

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Operators are the constructs, which can manipulate the value of operands. Consider the expression 4 + 5 = 9. Here, 4 and 5 are called the operands and + is called the operator.

Types of Operator

Python language supports the following types of operators −

  • Arithmetic Operators
  • Comparison (Relational) Operators
  • Assignment Operators
  • Logical Operators
  • Bitwise Operators
  • Membership Operators
  • Identity Operators

Let us have a look at all the operators one by one.

Python Arithmetic Operators

Assume variable a holds the value 10 and variable b holds the value 21, then − 

Operator Description Example
+ Addition Adds values on either side of the operator. a + b = 31
- Subtraction Subtracts right hand operand from left hand operand. a – b = -11
* Multiplication Multiplies values on either side of the operator a * b = 210
/ Division Divides left hand operand by right hand operand b / a = 2.1
% Modulus Divides left hand operand by right hand operand and returns remainder b % a = 1
** Exponent Performs exponential (power) calculation on operators a**b =10 to the power 20
// Floor Division - The division of operands where the result is the quotient in which the digits after the decimal point are removed. But if one of the operands is negative, the result is floored, i.e., rounded away from zero (towards negative infinity): 9//2 = 4 and 9.0//2.0 = 4.0, -11//3 = -4, -11.0//3 = -4.0

 

Python Comparison Operators

These operators compare the values on either side of them and decide the relation among them. They are also called Relational operators. 

Assume variable a holds the value 10 and variable b holds the value 20, then −

Operator Description Example
== If the values of two operands are equal, then the condition becomes true. (a == b) is not true.
!= If values of two operands are not equal, then condition becomes true. (a!= b) is true.
> If the value of left operand is greater than the value of right operand, then condition becomes true. (a > b) is not true.
< If the value of left operand is less than the value of right operand, then condition becomes true. (a < b) is true.
>= If the value of left operand is greater than or equal to the value of right operand, then condition becomes true. (a >= b) is not true.
<= If the value of left operand is less than or equal to the value of right operand, then condition becomes true. (a <= b) is true.

 

Python Assignment Operators 

Assume variable a holds the value 10 and variable b holds the value 20, then 

Operator Description Example
= Assigns values from right side operands to left side operand c = a + b assigns value of a + b into c
+= Add AND It adds right operand to the left operand and assign the result to left operand c += a is equivalent to c = c + a
-= Subtract AND It subtracts right operand from the left operand and assign the result to left operand c -= a is equivalent to c = c - a
*= Multiply AND It multiplies right operand with the left operand and assign the result to left operand c *= a is equivalent to c = c * a
/= Divide AND It divides left operand with the right operand and assign the result to left operand c /= a is equivalent to c = c / ac /= a is equivalent to c = c / a
%= Modulus AND It takes modulus using two operands and assign the result to left operand c %= a is equivalent to c = c % a
**= Exponent AND Performs exponential (power) calculation on operators and assign value to the left operand c **= a is equivalent to c = c ** a
//= Floor Division It performs floor division on operators and assign value to the left operand c //= a is equivalent to c = c // a

 

Python Bitwise Operators

Bitwise operator works on bits and performs bit-by-bit operation. Assume if a = 60; and b = 13; Now in binary format they will be as follows − 

a = 0011 1100

b = 0000 1101

-----------------

a&b = 0000 1100

a|b = 0011 1101

a^b = 0011 0001

~a = 1100 0011

Python's built-in function bin() can be used to obtain binary representation of an integer number. 

The following Bitwise operators are supported by Python language −

 

Operator Description Example
& Binary AND Operator copies a bit, to the result, if it exists in both operands (a & b) (means 0000 1100)
| Binary OR It copies a bit, if it exists in either operand. (a | b) = 61 (means 0011 1101)
^ Binary XOR It copies the bit, if it is set in one operand but not both. (a ^ b) = 49 (means 0011 0001)
~ Binary Ones Complement It is unary and has the effect of 'flipping' bits. (~a ) = -61 (means 1100 0011 in 2's complement form due to a signed binary number.
<< Binary Left Shift The left operand's value is moved left by the number of bits specified by the right operand. a << 2 = 240 (means 1111 0000)
>> Binary Right Shift The left operand's value is moved right by the number of bits specified by the right operand. a >> 2 = 15 (means 0000 1111)

 

Python Logical Operators

The following logical operators are supported by Python language. Assume variable a holds True and variable b holds False then −

Operator Description Example
and Logical AND If both the operands are true then condition becomes true. (a and b) is False.
or Logical OR If any of the two operands are non-zero then condition becomes true. (a or b) is True.
not Logical NOT Used to reverse the logical state of its operand. Not(a and b) is True.

 

Python Membership Operators

Python’s membership operators test for membership in a sequence, such as strings, lists, or tuples. There are two membership operators as explained below −

Operator Description Example
in Evaluates to true if it finds a variable in the specified sequence and false otherwise. x in y, here in results in a 1 if x is a member of sequence y.
not in Evaluates to true if it does not finds a variable in the specified sequence and false otherwise. x not in y, here not in results in a 1 if x is not a member of sequence y.

 

Python Identity Operators

Identity operators compare the memory locations of two objects. There are two Identity operators as explained below −

Operator Description Example
is Evaluates to true if the variables on either side of the operator point to the same object and false otherwise. x is y, here is results in 1 if id(x) equals id(y).
is not Evaluates to false if the variables on either side of the operator point to the same object and true otherwise. x is not y, here is not results in 1 if id(x) is not equal to id(y).

 

Python Operators Precedence

The following table lists all operators from highest precedence to the lowest.

 

Sr.No. Operator & Description
1

**

Exponentiation (raise to the power)
2

~ + -

Complement, unary plus and minus (method names for the last two are +@ and -@)
3

* / % //

Multiply, divide, modulo and floor division
4

+ -

Addition and subtraction
5

>> <<

Right and left bitwise shift
6

&

Bitwise 'AND'
7

^ |

Bitwise exclusive `OR' and regular `OR'
8

<= < > >=

Comparison operators
9

<> == !=

Equality operators
10

= %= /= //= -= += *= **=

Assignment operators
11

is is not

Identity operators
12

in not in

Membership operators
13

not or and

Logical operators

 

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